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Friday, 29.03.2024, 08:54
Baltic Sea region: responses to modern challenges
The State of the Region Report for 2016 confirms that the region is doing well in many regards with positive growth and strong levels of consumption as indicators of a high level of prosperity and good quality of life. The report shows that –generally- the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) has overcome the crises of recent years: e.g. with unemployment receding and public finances in broadly good shape. The region also continues to rank high in international assessments of competitiveness and innovative capacity.
Such reports the Baltic Development Forum is publishing
since 2004.
The report is published by Baltic Development
Forum, BDF, which is the leading think-tank and network for high-level
decision-makers from business, economic policies and academia in the BSR. The
BDF’s mission is to advance sustainable growth and competitiveness in the BSR,
mainly, through public-private partnership. *)
The “state-of the region” report is usually accompanied by a “political report”: this time the latter (on 24 pages) included the following issues being important in 2016: the rift between Russian and the West; the role of “soft power” in resolving Russia-West conflict; energy cooperation in the BSR, and the states’ positions towards Arctic issues. State of the Region Report was sponsored by the European Investment Bank and Nordic Council of Ministers, not the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Political State of the Region Report was published with support from the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung and the Nordic Council of Ministers; the web-link.
The previous “State of the Region Report-2015: the top of
Europe – striving for direction in a complex environment (by Ketels Ch. and
Pedersen, 2015, - 35 pp) has shown the region’s growth dynamics and
competitiveness issues.
*) Ketels Christian & Pedersen Helge J. 2016-State
of the region report. The top of Europe – doing well today, feeling worried
about tomorrow/. Denmark, Copenhagen, 2016. 46 pp.
Report’s main features
The report consists of six main sections: executive summary,
introduction, economic outlook, the BSR’s competitiveness, clusters and “smart
specialization” in BSR and conclusions.
As to economic situation, the authors of
the report postulate that the current BSR’s economic outlook “remains in a
fragile recovery driven mainly by domestic demand” (p.4). Thus the growth
through 2016-17 will be close to 1, 7 per cent (with the downside’s risks).
Private consumption is still the key driver of economic
growth with extremely low interest rate in all BSR states with comparatively
low level of public debt.
However, the report predicts less growth in consumption
followed by recovered investment levels and historically low refinancing costs.
External trade was not a great contributor to BSR’s economic
dynamism as global trade continued to perform poorly. Besides, the Brexit
incurred only small direct effect in BSR: trade with the UK is less than 3 per
cent of region’s capacity.
Although the unemployment rates in BSR are moving downwards,
however most of the states continue to suffer from high youth unemployment.
Thus, in several states, the youth unemployment is closer to 20 per cent and
higher: Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Finland and Sweden; even in EU-28 it is at
level of 23 per cent (p. 14).
As to competiveness, the report argues that
difference exist among BSR states both in terms of overall prosperity (as well
in labour market conditions and productivity) and labour relations. Basically,
rate of prosperity growth in BSR is “significantly lower” than in the
pre-crisis period (p.17). However, GDP per capita (in US$) has grown
significantly in BSR since 2000: from about 28 thousand to about 40 thousand,
presently (ibid).
Labour productivity growth is expected to slow down to about
1% of annual productivity in major BSR’s economic powers (Germany, Finland,
Denmark & Norway). The OECD recent report acknowledged that “while globally
leading companies continue to innovate at high rate, increasingly large other
companies did not keep pace”; web-link at:
http://www.oecd.org/eco/the-futre-of-productivity.htm.
Among some of the measures underlying competitiveness, the
report mentions: a) relative quality of location as a place do business
(compared to other locations), and b) the (im)-balances between
prosperity/wages and competitiveness’ fundamentals that can threaten prosperity
and growth opportunities.
Hence, only Estonia is higher among 3 Baltic States in
global competitiveness ranking of 30, while Lithuania and Latvia (as well as
Poland) are between 45 and 50 ranks; while, for example, Germany, Sweden and
Denmark are at 6-7 place (p. 25).
Particularly important for competitiveness are “strengths in
higher education, training & innovation”: over the last decade the score
for BSR improved significantly. Thus, among top global 400 best universities
are Denmark (Copenhagen University with 69 place), Sweden (Lund University with
73 place), Finland (Helsinki University with 91 place & Norway (Oslo
University with 113 place. Among the 3 Baltic States, only University of Tartu
is among the top with 347 place in the list.
Therefore country’s performance in “doing business” across
BSR is still controversial: Denmark nr 3, Sweden -8, Norway -9, Finland -10 and
Germany -15. Among the 3 Baltic States, the best performance is in Estonia
(16), Lithuania (20) and Latvia (22); with average for the BSR –about 17.
As to “clusters & smart specialization” in
BSR, the report underlines that clusters represent an important dimension
of current specialization patterns, “focusing on economic activities as
measured by the economic geography of employment across groups of related
industries” (p. 32). Besides, so-called “smart specialization strategies” add
additional focus on technological and scientific capabilities while outlining
the directions in which the region will explore “the driving development”.
Authors remind that clusters include so-called traded
industries, i.e. the type of economic activities that can be located far from
the markets they serve and be placed in locations offering best conditions for
profit. Therefore, strong clusters are associated with strong performance in
terms of wages and job creation.
BSR registers about 280 strong clusters compared to 510 in
the rest of central & eastern EU and to 1624 in the remaining EU’s western
& southern parts (p.33). However, strong clusters already occupy about 50%
of employment and payroll in traded industries. Thus, Hamburg, Copenhagen and
Stockholm have the highest absolute number of employees in strong
clusters.
The eight top BSR sub-regions (incl. Lithuania, Oslo,
Helsinki, western Sweden and Pomorski) account for about half of all strong
cluster employment.
The EU Interreg Program finances cross-border measures; it
has become the main funding instrument that directly aligns the BSR and EU
Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region.
In the conclusion, the report says that
the BSR’s states are facing three different levels of action (pp. 42-43).
First, BSR-states’ economic policies have to be ready for both modern economic
challenges and for possible economic slowdowns in the future. Second, economic
management in these states have to define the emerging situation after Brexit.
Third, the BSR has to increase the opportunities for growth and economic
integration through a macro-regional approach.
Generally, however, the report concludes that it is
unlikely that the region would make a central platform for common actions; it
seems that “national patriotism” will prevail.
General reference: State of the Region Report-2016 and
EUSBSR
Policy Area Innovation: Strategy Guide, 2016 - 2020.